Most complementary health care practitioners recognize the potential of scientific research to enhance the effectiveness of clinical care, but often have limited education in research literacy. This book is written for complementary and integrative health care practitioners at every level, especially those without a prior science background. It is used as an introductory textbook in many integrative health care training programs in North America. Making Sense of Research contains an explanation of the scientific method and the research process, step-by-step directions for locating research articles, and standards for classifying and evaluating both quantitative and qualitative studies. This new edition includes a chapter on understanding basic statistical concepts, a chapter on designing and conducting case reports, and an expanded chapter on evaluating qualitative research. An excellent resource for students, educators, and clinicians, Making Sense of Research is a foundation text for anyone interested in evidence-based practice.
About the Author
Martha Brown Menard Ph.D., C.M.T., is a massage therapist, research scientist, author and educator. Much of her clinical work over 25 years has focused on oncology massage, pain management, and massage for trauma survivors; these are her areas of research interest as well. She has served on the faculty of the University of Virginia School of Medicine, and is a member of the editorial boards for the International Journal of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork and the Massage Therapy Journal. In 2008, she started a consulting firm, Sigma Applied Research, specializing in research design, quantitative and qualitative data analysis, grant-writing, and program evaluation. Clients she has worked with include schools and universities, nonprofit organizations, and government. Dr. Menard lives in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Foreword vi
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: A Brief Overview of the Scientific Method 7
Science as a Way of Thinking 8
Falsification and Accumulation of Knowledge 10
Reproducibility of Results 11
Ethics in Health Care Research 12
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 16
Weighing the Evidence 19
Evidence-Based Medicine 22
Evidence-Based Practice for Complementary Practitioners 27
Chapter 2: Locating Journal Articles 31
Using PubMed 34
Performing a Search 36
Saving Search Strategies 42
Ordering Articles from PubMed 42
Other PubMed Features 44
BioMed Central (BMC) and the Open Access Movement 45
Other Resources 48
Chapter 3: Basic Concepts Involved in Evaluating Research 53
Threats to Internal Validity 56
Statistical Validity 60
Other Design Considerations in Evaluating Research 61
Chapter 4: Types of Journal Articles and Study Designs 75
Letters to the Editor 76
Literature Reviews 77
Clinically Related Health Care Research 80
Classification of Studies 82
Descriptive Studies 84
Explanatory Studies 87
Characteristics of Clinical Trials 94
Chapter 5: The Anatomy of an Original Research Article 103
The Abstract 105
Author and Article Information 106
The Introduction 108
Methods and Procedures 110
Results 115
Discussion of Results or Conclusion 122
References 125
Chapter 6: Making Sense of Statistics 133
Probability 134
Levels of Variables 137
Types of Statistics 137
P-Values and Effect Sizes 142
Statistical Power 143
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics 145
Correlation 149
Nonparametric Tests 151
Chapter 7: How to Read a Quantitative Article 155
General Considerations 156
The Abstract 157
The Introduction 157
Methods and Procedures 158
Results 163
Discussion or Conclusions 166
References 167
Study Example #1: Massage and Cancer Pain 169
Study Example #2: Massage and Acupuncture for Postoperative Symptom Management 188
Chapter 8: How to Read a Qualitative Article 213
Qualitative Inquiry 214
Types of Qualitative Approaches 215
Data Analysis in Qualitative Research 218
Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research 219
Evaluating Qualitative Research 221
Study Example #1: Mastectomy, Body Image and Therapeutic Massage 224
Study Example #2: Massage During Chemotherapy 245
Mixed Methods: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 263
Study Example #3: Body-Oriented Therapy and Child Sexual Abuse 264
Chapter 9: Writing a Case Report 303
The Uses of Case Reports 304
Case Report Example #1: Pneumocystis Pneumonia – Los Angeles 305
Case Report Example #2: Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis Associated with Shiatsu Massage of the Neck 312
Case Report and Case Study Design 317
Case Report Example #3: Long-Term Survival of a Patient with Widespread Metastases 317
Prospective Case Report Designs 327
The N of 1 Trial 329
Planning and Preparation 330
Case Report Example #4: A Case Report of the Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome 332
Writing a Case Report 344
Preparing an Article for Submission 345
Venues for Publication 345
Glossary 349
Index 361
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